Tugas Softskill B. Ing 2 - Adverbial Clauses and Direct-Indirect Speech

Adverbial Clauses

A dependent clause used as an adverb within a sentence to indicate time, place, condition, contrast, concession, reason, purpose, or result. Also known as adverbial clause.

An adverb clause begins with a subordinating conjunction (such as if, when, because, or although) and includes a subject and a predicate.

Kind Of Clause

• Time Clauses (when, before, after, since, while, as, as long as, until,till, etc. (conjunctions that answer the question "when?"); hardly, scarcely, no sooner, etc).
• Conditional clauses (if, unless, lest).
• Purpose clauses (in order to, so that, in order that).
• Reason clauses (because, since, as, given)/
• Result clauses (so...that)
• Concessive clauses (although, though, while)
• Place clauses (where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere, etc. (conjunctions that answer the question "where?"))
• Clauses of manner (as, like, the way)

Function & Example

• Time Clauses (These clauses are used to say when something happens by referring to a period of time or to another event).Ex: Her goldfish died when she was young.

• Conditional clauses (These clauses are used to talk about a possible or counterfactual situation and its consequences).Ex: If they lose weight during an illness, they soon regain it afterwards.

• Purpose clauses (These clauses are used to indicate the purpose of an action).Ex: They had to take some of his land so that they could extend the churchyard.

• Reason clauses (These clauses are used to indicate the reason for something).Ex: I couldn't feel anger against him because I liked him too much.

• Result clauses (These clauses are used to indicate the result of something).Ex: My suitcase had become so damaged on the journey home that the lid would not stay closed.

• Concessive clauses (These clauses are used to make two statements, one of which contrasts with the other or makes it seem surprising).Ex:I used to read a lot although I don't get much time for books now.

• Place clauses (These clauses are used to talk about the location or position of something).Ex:He said he was happy where he was.

• Clauses of manner (These clauses are used to talk about someone's behaviour or the way something is done).Ex:I was never allowed to do things as I wanted to do them 

DIRECT - INDIRECT SPEECH

 

Sentence directly (Direct Speech) is the spoken words of the speaker directly. When we cite the same or directly mimicking what was said without changing the wording a bit, then it is called Quotations Direct quotations or Direct Sentence.
 
There are some things to watch in the form of Direct Speech (Sentences Direct), namely:1. In a straight line generally between the Reporting Verb with Reported Words separated by a comma (,).2. Reported directly Words in a sentence written in quotes (Quotation marks).3. Reporting can also be called Verb Sentece Reporting (Reporting sentence), while Words can be called Reported Reported or Reported Speech Sentence (Sentence is reported).4. The location of the Reporting Verb should not be in the beginning of a sentence, but can also Reporting Verb at the end of the sentence.

Consider the example below:• He said, "I am happy".
"I am happy", he said.

• George said, "I do not like banana".
"I do not like banana," said George.

Indirect speech (sometimes called reported speech), doesn't use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn't have to be word for word.

When reporting speech the tense usually changes. This is because when we use reported speech, we are usually talking about a time in the past (because obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too.

Sentence Indirect (Indirect Speech) is a spoken sentence to convey the statement of one person to another.
If we tell what the person with the same intent, but susnan and his words are not the same or no change, then the sentence is called a sentence Indirect (Indirect Speech).

There are several things that must be considered in the sentence is indirect, namely:
1. In the sentence indirectly (indirect speech), the Reporting Verb and Reported Wordnya connected by conjunctions (conjunction).
2. In the sentence indirect quotation marks are not used. 

Based on the type of sentence that was reported (reported his word), then the Direct and Indirect Speech can be divided into three categories, namely:
1. Command and Request (commands and requests).
2. Statement (the statement).
3. Question (a question). 
 

For example: 

D             : She says, “i`m very good in English”

                  Dia berkata, “saya sangat mahir dalam bahasa Inggris”.

I               : She says that he is very good in English.

                  Dia berkata bahwa dia sangat mahir dalam bahasa Inggris.

  

Tense change 

As a rule when you report something someone has said you go back a tense: (the tense on the left changes to the tense on the right)

Exercise :
1. Adverbial Clauses
a. Should we make the cakes like how we did yesterday ?
    Answer Key : like how we did yesterday ?
b. The accident took place where the road made a sharp turn .
    Answer Key : where the road made a sharp turn .
c. They had read the reading passage carefully before they answered the question .
    Answer Key : before they answered the question .
d. She went to the staionaries in order that she bought some writing utensils .
    Answer Key : in order that she bought some writing utensils .
e. Being a businessman, he always consider everything profitable or not .

    Answer Key : Being a businessman .f. She wouldn't have given you any help if we hadn't behaved gently to her .
   Answer Key : if we hadn't behaved gently to her .
g. Thought the rain has come, the grass will not grow well .
    Answer Key : Thought the rain has come .


2. Direct Indirect
a. Mother   : Don’t be so noisy, Herman. The baby is sleeping.
    Herman  : Okay, mom.
    Rudy      : What did your mother just told you?
    Herman  : She told me ___ because the baby was sleeping.
    a. I wasn’t so noisy            d. I am very noisy
    b. not to be so noisy            e. to be not so noisy
    c. don’t be noisy
    Jawaban : B (not to be so noisy) - direct: don’t + be maka indirect: not + to be
b. Doctor   : Open your mouth!
    Mother  : What did the doctor tell you?
    Son       : The doctor told me ___
    a. that I open his mouth            d. to open my mouth
    b. if I opened my mouth            e. opened my mouth
    c. to open my mouth
        Jawaban : D (to open my mouth) - direct: V1 + O maka direct: to V1 + O
c. Mother : Do you want meatballs or fried chicken?
    Mother asked me ____
    a. whether I wanted meatball or fried shicken
    b. whether I want meatball or fried chicken
    c. that I wanted meatball or fried chicken
    d. that I want meatball or fried chicken
    e. if I want meatball or fried chicken
    Jawaban: A (whether I wanted meatball or fried chicken) - direct: do/does + S +V1 maka indirect: if/whether + S + V2

references:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverbial_clause- 

http://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/reportedspeech.htm- 

http://www.hulya.cankaya.edu.tr/ingilizce4.htm

http://books.google.co.id/books?id=tCv70NW9uSAC&pg=PA87&lpg=PA87&dq=latihan+adverbial+clauses&source=bl&ots=7OffnV2BTn&sig=iw5kr30no1sWzpyueWTOypxz5yI&hl=id&sa=X&ei=PT96T53-J4nJrQeYws2PAg&ved=0CFQQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=latihan%20adverbial%20clauses&f=false

 
http://free-english-lesson.blogspot.com/2007/05/adverb-clause.html

http://4englishcourses.blogspot.com/2011/07/latihan-bahasa-inggris-materi-direct.html